六臂大黑天
六臂大黑天内地
17世纪
高130厘米
铜鎏金加彩、分体薄筑、锤揲
Six-armed Mahakala
Mainland China
17th Century
H. 130 cm
Gilt brass, painted with pigment, thin cast in several pieces
此尊六臂大黑天是非常罕见的作品,具有独特的风格和艺术特点:首先,它的工艺技术之丰富是目前所罕见的,即以红铜捶揲胎结合搪瓷烧製工艺为主,同时结合诸多不同製作工艺与装饰方法,如尊神的身体、宝冠、璎珞、底座均为铜片锤揲成型,而在表现体色时,往往采取搪瓷烧製技术,比如身色深蓝,黄色夹黑迹虎皮裙、台座上毗那耶迦的白色身、浅蓝色围布和红色短裙等,再辅以铜鎏金的方式表现宝冠、璎珞和莲座的华贵。当然还有其它常见西藏艺术表现形式,如大黑天火焰形髮髻涂红色硃砂为饰,璎珞部分还有一些镶嵌珠石保存。其次,它的加工工艺透露出喀尔喀蒙古或清代北京的艺术特征,比如肢体和躯干饱满,有很强的质感和形体感觉,再者,通过对火焰形上竖发束,五骷髅冠,身上的璎珞、臂钏、手镯、足镯,莲座上的莲瓣以及毗那耶迦像等细节观察可以发现有一个共通的特点,做工精致,图案细密,连珠均匀圆润,规整严谨而又不失生动,可与17世紀後期喀尔喀蒙古和汉地最高的艺术水平相媲美,搪瓷工艺不见於宫廷造像中,但很显然是来自於汉地的工艺特点,为蒙古地区所缺乏的一种装饰手段,而同时间的蒙藏地区,色彩多以金属镶嵌、彩漆覆盖来表现,这里的搪瓷工艺确属独创的佛像装饰工艺。另一方面,此像强烈的蒙古特征也必须关注到,比如,耳後缯带,互相对称,飘逸生动,与清宫的U字形完全不同而与内蒙古和北京地区的造像颇为接近,耳珰为大圆圈,下缀较长的繁密花纹,大黑天的手指与足趾均做出黑色的尖锐指甲,镀金偏淡,莲瓣有明显的图案化效果,而非写实,与清宫和喀尔喀蒙古咱那巴扎尔的特点又不相同,这两者均以明亮镀金和莲瓣写实为特点。
结合以上观察,我们对它的产地和时代可以推断如下:这件作品有强烈的蒙古风格,但是它的製作很可能是在汉地,是由汉地工匠与蒙古工匠共同完成的一件作品,而其施主极有可能是某位喀尔喀蒙古的贵族,专为某座重要的寺庙所造,所以工艺独特且风格与北京造像不完全一致而水平却不容小觑。判断它与喀尔喀蒙古有关,且有当地工匠参与有两个非常重要的证据,一个是它的封底十字交杵泥金,这是後藏扎什伦布寺和喀尔喀蒙古造像的特点,显然,这里只属於後者;另一个是莲座背面未出莲台的部分以阴线刻划对称的中心圈纹和花瓣纹,这种复杂而匀称的图案也是喀尔喀蒙古的特点之一。由於此造像既无宫廷的风格,又与咱纳巴扎尔的风格不同,且精细程度也有所不及,所以其製作年代当在咱纳巴扎尔风格转向汉化的17世紀末期。
大黑天一面六臂忿怒形象,原来正二手持钺刀和嘎布拉碗。余右手持骷髅数珠和嘎布拉鼓,左手持金刚索,另一手与右最上手持象皮,现在法器全失。左展立姿下踏毗那耶迦。毗那耶迦象鼻侧歪,右手抬起托嘎布拉碗,左手举持花果,也完全丢失。
众所周知,六臂大黑天是格鲁派最为推崇的大黑天形象之一,经常出现在护法神的中心位置。格鲁派有三护法的说法,六臂大黑天是观世音菩萨化现为上士菩提心的护法神,多闻天王是金刚手菩萨化现为中士戒学的护法神,阎魔是文殊菩萨现为下士之暇满难得、死亡无常、归依三宝等中观见解的护法神,足证六臂大黑天地位的举足轻重。 (撰文/罗文华)
This six-armed Mahakala is a very unique piece of work: First, it should be noted that the method of production is very complicated. It was casted from very thin copper. Parts of the body as well as the crown, and the chain are also done in this technique, and the color was then applied with pigments. Furthermore, the characteristic of the manufacturing technique is the Khalkha or the Beijing style. The body part is quite strong. Last, the details stand out. The fine art shows the highest art of crafting. The production site could be in China, but it could also be, that this particular figure was made by Chinese and Mongolian masters together.
Mahakala is a Sanskrit Bahuvrihi of Maha and Kala. He is regarded as the God Mars in ancient India and highly worshiped by Tantric Sect. In Tibetan Tantrayana, Mahakala is the Dharmapalas as well as main deity in Tantric practice. The six armed form of Mahakala is tree-eyed with a fierce expression, and with his spreaded legs he tramples on Ganesa, who prostrate on the single lotus pedestal with a beaded upper border. In the upper right hand Mahakala holds a skull garland, and in the upper left a trident. With the two principle hands he holds a chopper and a skull-cup. In the lower right hand Mahakala holds a double drum, in the lower left a noose. (Luo Wen Hua)
数据来源:北京保利国际拍卖有限公司